This study investigates anaerobic digestion (AD) as a sustainable method for managing municipal solid waste (MSW) and producing renewable biogas in Jos, Nigeria. With global MSW generation projected to rise by 70% by 2050 and Nigeria’s reliance on biomass and fossil fuels contributing to deforestation and pollution, AD offers a dual solution for waste reduction and clean energy generation. The research, conducted at the Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, employed a 45-liter batch-type digester using organic MSW (cabbage leaves, potato peels, cucumber, and watermelon rinds) mixed with cow dung in a 1:1 ratio. Under mesophilic conditions, with a pH of 7.72 and temperature averaging 22°C, digestion proceeded over 60 days. Flame tests showed a clean blue flame, indicating methane content of 50–70%. AD demonstrated strong environmental and economic benefits reducing landfill emissions, producing biofertilizer, and offering low-cost energy for households. The study supports AD’s viability for urban waste-to-energy systems and recommends co-digestion, better mixing, and public awareness programs to enhance adoption in Nigeria’s renewable energy framework.